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| 9 |
| | | The defeat of three Roman legions in the Teutoberg Forest by Arminius, establishes the Rhine as a natural boundary of the Roman empire | |
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| 378 |
| | | The Visigoths inflict a devastating defeat on a Roman army at Adrianople, and win for themselves the status of Roman federates | |
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| 451 |
| | | Attila and the Huns invade Gaul but are defeated, somewhere near Troyes, by a Roman army supported by Visigoths and Burgundians | |
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| 656 |
| | | Othman is assassinated, and Ali wins power as the fourth Muslim caliph - defeating Muhammad's widow Aisha at the 'battle of the camel' near Basra | |
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| 680 |
| | | Husayn, the son of Ali, dies at Karbala in a battle against rival Muslims and becomes the most holy of Shi'ite martyrs | |
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| 732 |
| | | The Muslim advance into France is halted when Charles Martel defeats the Arabs between Poitiers and Tours | |
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| 1014 |
| | | Brian Boru, aged 73, achieves a major victory over the Vikings at Clontarf but is killed in his tent after the battle | |
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| 1040 |
| | | In a battle near Elgin Macbeth kills his cousin Duncan, a rival claimant to the Scottish throne | |
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| 1066 |
| | | Harold defeats at Stamford Bridge the joint army of his brother Tostig and of the Norwegian king, Harald Hardraade | |
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| 1066 |
| | | Harold, hurrying south to confront the Normans after his victory at Stamford Bridge, is defeated and killed at Hastings | |
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